Researching the management of exploitation of road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city

Nội dung text: Researching the management of exploitation of road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city

1. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT LE HOAI LINH RESEARCHING THE MANAGEMENT OF EXPLOITATION OF ROAD TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN HO CHI MINH CITY MAJOR: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT CODE: 9580302 SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION FOR DOCTOR OF ECONOMICS HA NOI - 2020
2. The dissertation is completed at Ho Chi Minh city University of Transport SUPERVISORS: 1. Prof.Dr. Nguyen Dang Hac 2. Assoc.Prof.Dr. Dang Thi Xuan Mai Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The dissertation will be defended to the university - level Doctorate Committee at: Ho Chi Minh city University of Transport Time: date month year The dissertation can be found at: - Library of Ho Chi Minh city University of Transport - The National Library HA NOI - 2020
3. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale Ho Chi Minh city is a unique city: near the coast, with many internal canals; affected by semidiurnal tide; a built and renovated city; high urbanization rate, leading to overpopulation and too many vehicles. Urban road infrastructure has not caught up with such rates, low public transport quality, creating the pressure to technical transport infrastructure system, generating congestion, flood, pollution, etc., arising maintenance fees, decereasing efficiency of exploiting the maintenance. The exploitation management system of road transport infrastructure is still operated in traditional model, not satisfying the demand of modern development in Ho Chi Minh city. Therefore, the topic on “Researching the management of exploitation of road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city” is becoming increasingly necessary in both scientific and practical terms. 2. Research objectives Basing on the theory and practical research on management of exploitation of road transport infrastructure, assessment of the management status of exploitation of road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh, this dissertation recommends some groups of solution to improve management of exploitation of road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city. 3. Research subjects and scopes 3.1. Research subjects: the management of exploitation of road transport infrastructure in cities under the central government, managed by People’s Committee of Ho Chi Minh city which authorizing to Department of Transport for management. 3.2. Research scopes - Space and contents: the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city, comprehensive research on the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure.
4. 2 - Time: the actual status of the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city in phase 2012-2018; on the basis of "Adjusting the planning for transportation development of Ho Chi Minh City to 2020, vision after 2020", the thesis proposes solutions to complete the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh City. 5. Scientific and practical significance - Scientific significance: systemizing, supplementing and improving the theory basis of the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure. - Practical significance: The dissertation analyses, evaluates the actual situation of the exploitation management of urban road transportation infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city in the management perspective; evaluating the influence of factors on the results of the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure through the average and standard deviation. Proposing groups of feasible solutions to complete the the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh City. 6. Dissertation structure Apart from the introduction and conclusion, list of compositions, references, annexes, the dissertation consists of 4 chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of researches related to the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure Chapter 2: Rationale and theory in the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure Chapter 3: The actual status of the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh City. Chapter 4: Solutions to improve the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city.
5. 3 CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCHES RELATED TO THE EXPLOITATION MANAGEMENT OF URBAN ROAD TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE 1.1 Local researches 1.1.1 Concepts of the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure There are researches only focusing on researching on management of exploitation of road and express ways, not many of them focused on urban roads in particular cities such as Ho Chi Minh city. 1.1.2 Viewpoints to define the content of management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure 1.1.2.1 Organizational management and traffic safety assurance Researches are only on traffic safety in general, not in urban scale. 1.1.2.2 Capital management and capital creation in exploitation Studies are mainly on toll collection for road usage. 1.1.2.3 Road infrastructure maintenance management Research on the management and maintenance of national highways and motorways, not in depth research for urban roads. 1.1.2.4 Technical quality management of construction All studies aimed at improving the quality management of construction investment projects of urban road infrastructure. 1.1.3 Factors affecting the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructrure 1.1.3.1 Urban management mechanisms - policies Focus on in-depth research on mechanisms and policies on urban management (planning management; urban traffic management, etc.). 1.1.3.2 Application of science and technology in exploitation management Research and apply science and technology in maintenance of national highways and motorways, not yet research for urban roads. 1.1.3.3 Investment in construction of road traffic infrastructure
6. 4 Refer mainly to the current status of investment capital sources, not making research on how to attract investment capital, create capital sources, especially urban road infrastructure. 1.2 Overseas researches 1.2.1 Organizational management and traffic safety assurance Research on policies for sustainable development of road transport, reducing traffic congestion, and ensuring traffic safety. 1.2.2 Capital management and capital creation in exploitation Encourage the private sector to participate in road maintenance projects, to diversify maintenance funding. 1.2.3 Road traffic infrastructure maintenance management Research on road maintenance modalities in general based on performance-based payment contracts and outcome, not yet research for urban roads. 1.2.4 Urban transport planning Mainly focusing on deep research of urban transport planning, policies for sustainable development of urban transport system. 1.3 Determine research gaps and research tasks of the dissertation 1.3.1 Determination of research gaps The research works only mentioned some of the contents of exploitation management, did not fully go into the contents of the exploitation management. Research works for national highways, motorways, not making deep research for typical urban roads such as in Ho Chi Minh City. 1.3.2 Research task of the dissertation - Systematize, supplement and complete the theoretical basis, legal basis and practical basis for the work of exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure. - Analyze and assess the current status of exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure in the specific urban area of Ho Chi Minh City. Evaluating the
7. 5 shortcomings and limitations in terms of management such as: Management model; Managing method; Mechanisms - policies of training management; Science and technology application; Maintenance budget. The consequences including: the technical quality of projects is not guaranteed; traffic safety; invasions of roadways, sidewalk; Urban flood, etc. - Propose groups of solutions to improve the management and exploitation urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city. CHAPTER 2: RATIONALE AND THEORY IN MANAGEMENT OF EXPLOITATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ROAD TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE 2.1 Road transport infrastructure 2.1.1 Definition of uraban road transport infrastructure Urban road traffic transport is a system of urban traffic technical infrastructure such as bridges, roads, underground tunnels, stations - parking lots, maintenance stations, etc. and supporting facilities, meeting the convenient and safe requirements of people and goods transportation. 2.1.2 The components constituting the uraban road transport infrastructure The urban traffic traffic system is composed of: dynamic traffic system and static traffic system. 2.1.3 Classification of road and urban road traffic systems Management level: National highways, provincial roads, district roads, commune roads, urban roads, specialized roads. Functions: non-urban and urban roads. Technical level: non-urban roads consisting of express ways, roads from level 1 to VI. 2.1.4 Role of road transport infrastructure Satisfy the demand of manufacturing and living of urban residents; develop economy in the urban and suburb areas; set the foundation to attract more investments. 2.2 Management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure 2.2.1 Concept of management of exploitation of urban road transport
8. 6 Management of exploitation of urban road transport is the management activity during the operation of construction works, the impact of management owners to the exploitation, to maintain the technical status, architectual space, maximize the capacity, safety in exploitation, save maintenance and management costs. 2.2.2 Urban road transport management decentralization - The Department of Transport of a province/city: performs the function of state management, authorizes the relevant units to manage the exploitation, including: the national highway system (authorized by the Ministry of Transport); provincial and city road system; urban roads. - People's Committee of districts: State management of district, district, ward and commune road system. Authorizing the Management Board for construction investment in the district to manage the maintenance of the relevant roads. 2.2.3 Content of management of exploitation of urban road transport 2.2.3.1 Technical management of urban road transport construction Technical document management; monitoring technical status of the construction works; classification and evaluation of construction works; registration documents and archives. 2.2.3.2 Management of operation activities a. Plans to ensure transport safety, reduce congestion and traffic accidents The measurements to ensure the transport safety in exploitation; solutions to settle the congestion, flood, accidents; measurements to divide traffic directions upon arising incidents; ensure the quality of roads’ surface, lighting systems, drainage system, signal lights, etc. Monitoring the “serious locations” of accidents and safety transport. b. Management of solutions to protect construction works and road safety barriers - Protected subjects: all the construction works. - Protected scale: the works on surface, in the air, underground and road safety barriers.
9. 7 - Protection responsibility: all the competent authorities and society. c. Management of road transport infrastructure Maintenance of road transport works: the obligations to follow procedures, standards and other legal documents to ensure the exploitation in quality, efficiency, longevity of the works, etc. Term for maintenance of road transport infrastructure: from the handover of works to the termination of usage term. Level of maintenance the works: as per the Decree No. 46/2015/NĐ-CP of Vietnam government regarding the quality management of construction works. Methods of managing the maintenance of urban road transport works: - Managing as per process (MBP): taking attention to the procedure of each work; everyone understands clearly each work and is authorized to perform their jobs. - Managing as per target (MBO): taking attention to the final outcome of the work; respecct the contracts, plans specified in such contracts. 2.2.3.3 Management of cost and capital creation in construction exploitation a. Management of repair and maintenance cost and operation cost: It is the management of direct costs used for repair and maintenance and for management system to satisfy the requirements of work exploitation operation. - Method of determining the cost of works maintenance: The method is determined by the estimate by volume and unit price; The method is determined according to the percentage rate. - Structure of construction maintenance costs: Expenses for maintenance planning, regular - periodic - irregular inspections, costs for preparing and managing maintenance records; monitoring and repair of minor damage, determined by percentage rate (%) compared with the cost of construction and the cost of work equipment calculated by the investment capital of works of the same level and type at the time maintenance planning. - Control maintenance costs: to be paid according to the
10. 8 estimate made and appraised before the maintenance. The volume settlement work is under the control of the State Budget and an independent audit. b. Capital creation in exploitation management Capital classification of management of exploitation of urban transport infrastructure - For state-owned works managed by the central government, the capital for management and maintenance shall be allocated from the central budget and other capital sources according to the provisions of law. - The works are managed by the locality, the capital is allocated from the local budget, partly from the central maintenance fund. Management and use of capital for maintenance of urban road transport infrastructure: - Subjects eligible to use capital: + Performs three types of maintenance work: regular maintenance; periodic maintenance; unexpected repairs. + Costs for management activities and for the inspection system and other activities. Plan on using, allocating and settling capital - For centrally-managed works, the Ministry of Transport shall make a plan and cost estimate and submit it to the National Assembly for approval. Budgeting through the Ministry of Finance and the State Budget. - For construction systems of localities, including 2 capital sources: + Funds allocated by the Central Government from capital sources for work maintenance (Construction Maintenance Fund). + Capital allocated by the local budget, the Department of Transport (authorized subordinate units to act as investors) prepares an estimate of costs for management and maintenance urban road transport infrastrucure and transfers them to the Department of Finance and submits them to the People's Council of the city for consideration and approval. Capital creation in exploitation - Collection of operating fees (tolls)
11. 9 + Works invested by state-budget capital, collecting road using charges when inspecting vehicles, petrol and oil fees. + Investment works in the form of public-private partnership: collecting fees to recover capital, including annual investment and maintenance costs and management team expenses, taxes, etc. - Collecting other operating fees as permitted by law Urban governments need to study to supplement capital sources, in order to create good quality of urban roads, traffic environment such as inner city traffic fees; charges for environmental regeneration, pollution, and urban landscape regeneration; management fee, etc. 2.3 Criteria for the evaluation of the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure 2.3.1 The criteria for evaluation of the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure - Evaluation of technical management, - Evaluation of maintenance work, - Evaluation of traffic management and traffic safety assurance, - Evaluation of cost management, - Evaluation of capital creation management. 2.3.2 The criteria for evaluation of the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure - Driving condition: Table 2.3: Indicators for evaluating driving conditions O/N Criteria Formula Details Allowed roughness IRI (m/km) S gh 1 Ks = Flatness (Ks) Stt Actual roughness IRI (m/km) Actual average speed (km/h) VTT 2 Speed (Kv) Kv = VTK Designed speed (km/h) Actual traffic flow (vehicle/day-night) NTT 3 Traffic flow (Kn) Kn = NTK Design traffic flow (vehicle/day-night)
12. 10 O/N Criteria Formula Details Estimate traffic accidents (cases) Tdt 4 Ka = Vehicle safety (Ka) Ttt Actual traffic accidents (cases) Actual passability (vehicle/h) Ptt 5 Passability(K ) Kp = p P tk Designed passability (vehicle/h) - Technical requirements of road equipment: color, image, size, quantity, type in accordance with international practice and the condition of the equipment compared to design. V - Speed using performance: HVT = TT x100% Vqđ In which: VTT : Actual speed (km/h) Vqđ : Regulated speed (km/h) n n s - Average exploitation time: Tbq = = i Ti  1 1 vi In which: Tbq: Average exploitation time on route (h) Si: Lengh of each route (km) vi : Average speed of each route (km/h) vqđ:Regulated speed of each route (km/h) 2.4 Factors affecting the management and management costs of urban road transport infrastructure 2.4.1 Factors affecting the management and operation of urban road transport infrastructure Affecting factors The objective factors Subjective factors Climate Urban People Mechan Models – Mainte Science changes charact awareness ism, Methods nance and eristics policies fund technology Figure 2.6: Factors influencing the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure
13. 11 2.4.2 Factors affecting the cost of management and operation of urban road transport infrastructure Affecting factors The impact of Impacts of Effects of not The influence the work changing timely arrangement of the model - quality on the environmental of funding for methods of operating costs factors caused maintenance and management by natural management disasters and activities climate change Figure 2.9: Factors influencing the cost of management and operation of urban road transport infrastructure 2.5 Legal basis for the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure The legal documents related to the technical management of the road system in general, the urban road transport infrastructure in particular have basically been completed. Decrees, Circulars and a number of other legal documents have been issued by the Government, Ministries, and People's Committees of localities, in accordance with local characteristics. In which, Decree No. 46/2015/ND-CP dated May 12, 2015 of the Government on quality management and maintenance of construction works is the main legal basis of the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure. 2.6 Practical basis for the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure 2.6.1 Experience in managing and exploiting urban road traffic works of some countries in the world 2.6.1.1. Experience of Korea Korea socialized the exploitation management; Investor selection through public bidding and evaluation scale; Promote IT application in traffic organization management. 2.6.1.2. Experience of Singapore In Singapore, to generate revenue for road maintenance, the Government implements a toll collection policy with three types of fees: road using fees; personal vehicle restriction fees and traffic congestion charges.
14. 12 2.6.1.3. Experience of Japan Applying performance and performance-based road maintenance (PBC) contracts, through open bidding, entrusting private contractors to do maintenance work, with local authorities only perform state management functions. 2.6.2 Lessons learned about the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh City - Separate functions of state management and business management in exploitation management. - Selection of contractors for maintenance work through competitive bidding. - Apply MBO maintenance management method through performance-based contracts and quality (PBC). - Generate capital through road toll collection. - Socialize the exploitation management of the road system, through attracting the private economic sector. - Strengthening the IT application of technical management of road systems. CHAPTER 3: THE STATUS OF THE MANAGEMENT OF EXPLOITATION OF URBAN ROAD TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN HO CHI MINH CITY 3.1 Overview of the road transport system in Ho Chi Minh city Roads are the main transport method; all the requirements for evaluating the road transport do not satisfy the special city; the city is inbalanced between indivual transport development and transport infrastructure, creating certain pressure on the urban road transport infrastructure system; the static transport system does not satisfy the planning and usage. 3.2 Analysis and assessment of the current situation of the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructrure in Ho Chi Minh City 3.2.1 Decentralization of the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh City - Department of Transport is the stage management agency managing the national ways; urban roads; the management level spreads down to 04 sub-agencies which are urban transport management and Sai Gon river tunnel management center.
15. 13 - People committees of districts manage the pathways, some routes in districts and alleys. - The opeation center of anti-flood program manages the water drainage. The management levels are so complicated and hard to indentify the duties and responsibilities. 3.2.2 Construction technical management 3.2.2.1 Technical document management Document management is mainly manual, not applying information technology, when the number of records increases, there will be difficulties in managing and retrieving upon needed. 3.2.2.2 Checking and monitoring the technical status of the project The patrol teams will inspect at of urban traffic management zones; Ho Chi Minh City Ferry Bridge Construction Company Limited; Saigon Traffic Construction Company Limited; Investment and Construction Management Board, urban management teams of districts, in coordination with the traffic inspection force of the Department of Transport have fully implemented, recorded damage but difficult to perform maintenance work due to lack of capital. 3.2.2.3 Classification and assessment of technical status Yearly, the urban transport management sectors, construction management of districts will classify and evaluate the construction technical status, making periodic reports of constructions that cause dangers traffic, making recommendations for improvement, repair and maintenance. But due to shortage of fund, it has been not very efficient. 3.2.2.4 Documents of registration and records The constructions that are newly built, rennovated, improved, repaired are all registered and recorded at sectors of urban transport management and construction management of districts; due to high amount of documents so they are recoreded carelessly. 3.2.3 The management and operation organization 3.2.3.1 The plans for ensuring the traffic safety, reducing congestion, flood and traffic accidents
16. 14 - The plan of directing the traffic lanes to reduce congestion: they are done in some areas with high potential of congestion. - Counting vehicles: they are done by Sai Gon transport construction company limited (01 time/year or 02 times/years). - Watching to ensure the traffic safety: they are done by sectors of urban management. There are watching teams to stay alert 24/24 to response quickly to emergency situations due to natural disasters and other incidents. - Monitoring and making analysis on traffic accidents, traffic safety and flood: the sectors of urban transport management, management center of Sai Gon river tunnel and traffic patral teams regulary co-ordinated with police officers to monitor, collect the information of traffic accidents, traffic congestion; making periodic reports to Department of Transport at every 5th date of the month. 3.2.3.2 Management of the method to protect the work and road safety barriers Department of Transport regularly co-ordinates with the local authorities to set up landmarks; inspecting and checking, handling with bad behaviors creating damages to the works, traffic safety barriers, etc. 3.2.3.3 Management of maintenance activities - Department of Transport carries out the activities of maintaining the road, bridge systems, installing the lane barriers, sign signals, light signals, etc. maintain the quality of the works, ensuring the traffic safety. - Carry out the activities to innovate the water drainage such as: gas tunnel, water collection tool, gas tunnel lids, etc. to broaden the water flow, reducing congestion by trash, etc. 3.2.4 The cost management and budget creation in exploitation of urban roads 3.2.4.1. The cost management As per the allocated budget, the management agencies will make the cost estimate, present to Department of Transport for verification and approval. The structure of the budget estimate includes: costs for patrol activities – senitary; cost for regular repair-maintenance; other unexpected costs.
17. 15 The management agencies will clarify the bid packages to make the ground for the contract signing. The costs for patrol activities – senitary will be identified 01 time for the whole year, the payment will be made fairly for 12 months. The relevant agencies will examnine the requirements for Approval/Disapproval. The disapproved sections will be deducted the costs and settled as per Decision No. 1460/QĐ- UBND dated 27/3/2014 of People’s Committee of Ho Chi Minh City. 3.2.4.2. The reimbursement of BOT projects Currently, in Ho Chi Minh city, there are 04 toll plazas in BOT model, in which there is 01 plaza under management of Ministry of Transport, the remaining 03 are managed by People’s Committee of Ho Chi Minh City. 3.2.4.3. Inner-city traffic fees Ho Chi Minh city has not applied collecting internal traffic fees although such project has been proposed by Tien Phong Technology J.S. Company to People’s Committee of Ho Chi Minh City. However, such project has not been approved. 3.2.4.4. Collecting advertisement fees on buses Department of Transport has organized the bidding to exploit the advertisement activities on 2,082 buses, which is divided into 4 bidding packages (3-year term) with total value of VND700 billion. However, very few bidders attended such bidding packages. 3.3 The drawbacks, limits of the management of exploitation of urban road transport works in Ho Chi Minh city 3.3.1 Drawbacks, limits of the management of exploitation of urban road transport works in Ho Chi Minh city 3.3.1.1 The management model The urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh City is invested and managed by many state management entities, creating the complex in duties, responsibilities in management. 3.3.1.2 The management method Apply process-based maintenance management (MPB), which means paying attention to the implementation of each work item, demonstrating the following shortcomings:
18. 16 - Maintenance: the maintenance activities are still regarded as minor construction projects, creating waste. - Quality control: The urban traffic management areas and urban management teams of districts are responsible this (both as the investor and for quality control), this is a big gap of management. - Traffic organization: there are still many shortcomings like spreading responsibilities. There is no consistency in management, operation and responsibility, leading to traffic organization is always passive, causing congestion, loss and traffic accidents. 3.3.1.3 Urban management mechanisms and policies - Appropriateness and response of the policy: still too slow, the document’s life cycle is short, not suitable to apply into practice. Therefore, those documents cannot keep up with the urban movement. - Urban planning management: The management of urban planning of Ho Chi Minh city is not appropriate, even there are some wrongdoing actions such as planning of Thu Thiem new uran areas. The responsibilities are of People’s Committee of Ho Chi Minh city, the proposing agency is Department of Planning and Architecture, Department of Construction, etc. affecting the exploitation of urban roads. - Urban order management: The urban management is abandoned, wrongdoing action of invading the traffic paths, pedestrian areas, invading the channel, creating water flow congestion. - The management of investment and construction of urban road infrastructure: The investment policies still expose to many issues, decreasing the attraction from potential resources. Laws and relevant regulations are not complete, creating many issues during the implementation. 3.3.1.4 The application of science and technology - Road maintenance work is still manual and out of date. - Application of new technological solutions in road maintenance is slow and inconsistent. - Legal system such as regulations, norm standards in the application of new technology has been incomplete.
19. 17 3.3.1.5 The budget for maintenance The budget for maintenance mobilized from the state budget of the city and from Road maintenance fund from the central government is not very stable; the budget allocation from the central gorvenment is slow; the payment has to go through many procedures; the disbursement process is slow; the city has not actively studied the plans to collect the parking fees; path using; urban internal vehicles etc. to increase the fund. 3.3.2 Consequences of the management and exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh City 3.3.2.1 Technical quality of construction There is a tendency to decline due to many reasons, causing public opinion to question the management responsibilities. 3.3.2.2 Traffic congestion Fast urbanization, booming overpopulation and personal vehicles; public transportation is not appealing, the traffic satisfaction is low, so traffic congestion is unevitable. 3.3.2.3 Invasion to traffic paths and pedestrian areas The status of invasion to traffic paths and pedestrian areas have been very complicated, the management is not efficient, creating serious congestion. 3.3.2.4 Urban flood Heavy rain, high tides of rivers create flood too many internal routes, making the grounds, road surfaces and utilities systems are damaged, decreased, affecting the exploitation efficiency. 3.4 Analysis and evaluation of factors affecting the management of exploitation urban road transport constructions in Ho Chi Minh city After researching and discussions with many experts, the author indentify 31 factors affecting the management of exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure which are of 07 groups: mechanisms, policies; urban characteristics; model, method of- exploitation management; science and technology development, maintenance budget; consciousness of users and impacts of climate change. Likert ladder from 1 to 5 used to evaluate via 5 choices: (1) not affecting, (2) very little affecting, (3) medium affecting, (4) much affecting, and (5) very much affecting.
20. 18 The data is collected through issuing 200 votes, collecting 200 valid votes. The data after encryption is processed by the SPSS20 software, the procedure includes: descriptive statistics, assessing the confidence reliability of the scale through Cronbach's Alpha; evaluate the average and standard deviation of the scales. Table 3.35: Result of average and standard deviation of groups of factors Standard Effect Criteria Sign Average deviation level Urban characteristics ĐT 3.41 0.96 5 Impacts of climate change KH 3.47 0.92 4 Mechanisms, policies CS 3.04 0.82 7 Model, method of- 6 MH 3.15 0.83 exploitation management Science and technology 1 CN 3.82 0.62 development Maintenance budget NV 3.62 0.92 2 Consciousness of users NSD 3.67 0.75 3 CHAPTER 4: SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE MANAGEMENT OF EXPLOITATION OF URBAN ROAD TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN HO CHI MINH CITY 4.1 Viewpoint of perfecting the exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh City The transportation system of Ho Chi Minh City must comply with specific urban mechanisms and policies through Resolution No. 54/2017/QH14 dated November 24, 2017, while developing a comprehensive and sustainable transportation system. 4.2 The basis to propose the solutions - The theoretical basis of factors affecting the results of the exploitation management mentioned in Section 2.4 (Chapter 2). - Based on the current status of the construction of the exploitation of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh City in Ho Chi Minh City. - Based on the results of qualitative and quantitative analysis in Section 3.4
21. 19 4.3 Recommendations to perfecct the management of exploitation of urban transport works in Ho Chi Minh city 4.3.1 Solutions for management of fee collection 4.3.1.1 Management the activity of collecting fees of vehicles in inner-urban traffic The dissertation sussgests the way to calculate the fees for automobiles running to fee-charged areas, with the fee-charfed area expansion due to high speed of urbanization: X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + X5 + X6 - (X1): Fees for maintenance of routes/year. - (X2): Fees for urban decoration (sidewalks)/year. - (X3): Fees for renovation of drainage system, flood-anti due to heavy rain and high tide, affected by climate changes/year. - (X4): Fees for renovating the urban landscapes, reducing the effects from increase of temperature due to climate changes/year. - (X5): Fees for scientific researches, calculation of sea water rising, pollution ratio, etc/year. - (X6): Fees for management system/year. The ticket price will be calculated as follows: 6  X i Ticket price = i 1 12xN N: the average number of automobiles passing the toll plaza in a month. The effect of such solution: minimizing the amount of vehicles entering the inner city, minimizing congestion and pollution. Additional funding sources for urban regeneration. 4.3.1.2 Management of collection of fees of using sidewalks The dissertation suggests the solutions to collect the fees of using sidewalks each month with the following fees: CP = (VND) - CP: Price of m2/month of sidewalk land for business lending (monthly) - P1: Price of land lending as per Decree No. 46/2014/NĐ- CP dated 15/05/2014
22. 20 - P2: Land tax every year (0,02-0,03%) as per streets, alleys, districts. - P3: Fees for renovating the sidewalks before lending 2 (calculated as per m , 3 years/repair-maintenance) - P4: Fees for water waster solutions (calculated as per month and is divided to m2 used.) - P5: Fees for taking care of the trees, electricity, water poles for fire prevention (calculated as per month and is divided to m2 used.) - P6: Fees for cleaning the paths, sidewalks (calculated as per month and is divided to m2 used.) - P7: Fees for handling with the environment pollution (calculated as per year for the whole city). - P8: Fees for reducing effects of climate changes (calculated as per year for the whole city as m2). - P9: Regular fees for management stafff (as per year). The effect of the solution: increase the area of static traffic, embellish the urban area, restore the urban order, return the correct function of the pavement, supplement urban regeneration budget. 4.3.1.3 Management of collecting parking fees in the suburbs, transport to inside the city by electric buses (increasing the capacity of static traffic) Establishing the car stations at the western, eastern and northern gates of the city to reduce the traffic inside the city. The duties of such stations are to organize parking areas, cargo transmit, customers to the inner city by electric buses with 6, 9, 12, 15 seats, small sizes and default parking areas (price-supported) to facilitate the customers. The effect of the solution: reducing the number of vehicles circulating in the inner city, reducing congestion and pollution, creating a source of revenue for the state budget. 4.3.2 Solutions to apply PBC in management of exploitation 4.3.2.1 Applying PBC in management of urban road maintenance They are term contracts based on results and quality between the manamgement agencies and the contractors with the terms handled to the contractors for their own decisions: materials, design, construction, etc. to ensure the quality of construction with unchanged budget.
23. 21 The effect of the solution: ensuring function, function and longevity of the project, increasing traffic capacity, ensuring traffic safety, saving costs, identifying quality responsibility. 4.3.2.2 Appying PBC in maintaining the channel systems (natural drainage of the city) Authorize the contractors for their own responsilities in protecting, mainting the river and channels of the city. The contractors are fully responsible for the quality of the drainage systems via activities of patrol, checking, making clear of wate flows, etc. The effect of the solution: increasing drainage capacity, minimizing inundation, attributing the managerial responsibility of the investor, the contractor’s enforcement responsibility. 4.3.2.3 Applying PBC in public transport (buses) - The service quality of the public transport is not satisfied, unattractive. - PBC in public transport by buses is authorize contractors to be fully liable for all the duties of transport by buses, the contractors decide the business plans by themselves. The effect of the solution: increase the attractiveness of public transport, reduce the number of private vehicles, reduce congestion and pollution. 4.3.2.4 Establishment of Board of Management of urban infrastructure exploitation as per PBC Board of Management of urban infrastructure exploitation as per PBC is a state unit to represent the Department of Transport to be the investor of the PBC, making protection and maintenance of the urban routes; the drainage systems (canals). Authorize the duties of inspecting, cheking and handling with the violations to contractors (managing the route quality); handling with the invasion of paths, sidewalks; managing the suburb traffic stations; transmit of cargo, customers by electric buses; controlling the protection, maintenance of sewerage systems in the city; directing the traffic to reduce congestions in case of heavy rain and high tide. Perform inspection, checking and settle the violations as per the following sectors: road traffic, drainage, invasion of paths, sidewalks, management of internal traffic fees; fees of using sidewalks, mainteance of roads, channels, rivers, etc.
24. 22 The effect of the solution: improving models, management methods, reducing number of human resources involved, saving state budget. 4.3.3 Group of investment solutions suitable to urban characteristics 4.3.3.1 Adjust investment projects to the north of the city - Adjust and progress to stop developing real estate projects, residential areas in the south of the city. - To rectify the transfer of land use rights from agricultural land, land with trees, to urban land in southern districts of the city. The effect of the solution: reducing the pressure of infrastructure construction due to reducing the population density in the south of the city, removing the concrete corridors that prevent water flows in district 7, Nha Be district, and reducing flood. 4.3.3.2. Invest in researching and mapping the urban road foundation suitable to the existing urban features - Investigate, survey, build mathematical models to determine natural water levels and build flood maps, serve as a basis for building foundation maps, in order to adjust the foundation of inner city roads when making renovatins, repairs. - It is proposed to select the general traffic foundation level of the city at least > 2m with a slope from North to South, suitable to the terrain. The effect of the solution: reducing local inundation, reducing maintenance costs, ensuring urban beauty. 4.3.4 Solutions to adjust investment to match with climate changes 4.3.4.1. Building the regulating lake systems - Identify the relevant subjects - Building the procedures to make clear of responsibility of regulating lake systems, including 6 steps: surface preparation; completing the basic design, technical design; approving the documents; receiving comments from relevant departments; comments from the public; implementation The effect of the solution: Creating water storage space for the city, minimizing inundation. 4.3.4.2. Improvement of waterproofing on surface
25. 23 - Decreasing the unnecessary concretization. - Having regulations of obligatory green landscapes when making urban traffic plans. - Complying with the density of construction The effect of the solution: minimizing concreting, increasing surface permeability, good surface for water drainage, minimizing local inundation, destroying the ground, road surface, preventing urban subsidence. 4.4 Discuss the scientific effect and posibility of the solution 4.4.1. Scientific characteristics All groups of solutions are evaluated scientifically, with an average score of 3.48, Solutions group on PBC in exploitation management is rated as the most scientific one with 3.81 points; Group of investment adjustment measures to adapt to climate change is assessed as the lowest scientific with 3.22 points. 4.4.2. Possibility All groups of solutions are evaluated to be feasible, with an average score of 3.56, the solutions group for organization and management of toll collection activities is assessed as being the most feasible with the average score of 3.71 and group of investment adjustment solutions to climate change adaptation reached 3.42 points. 4.5. Some recommendations 4.5.1. For the Government Preferential policies in budget for special mechanism; perfect the legal framework on construction investment of trafffic infrastructure projects as per model of public-private; approval of perfecting the top senior leaders for Ho Chi Minh city; soon to approve the planning adjustment of Ho Chi Minh city. 4.5.2. For the Ministry of Transport Advise the industry planning work; issuing Circulars, Decrees, guiding the exploitation management, especially the exploitation of urban roads; Supporting the City in all 3 aspects of technical aspect, management and budget; improving the activity of providing maintanance Budget for the city. 4.5.3. For the People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City Completing the plan on a transparent basis. Promulgating regulations and legal corridors, compulsory regulations on
26. 24 contracting for maintenance of urban roads, canal systems and public transport, etc. Administrative reformation; authorize the relevant departments, agencies to create solutions for climate changes. CONCLUSIONS 1. Conclusions The outcomes of the research demonstrated the new contributing factors with details as follows: - Firstly: Systemizing, supplementing and perfecting the research theories of the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure. - Seconly: Evaluating the status of the management of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city; indicating drawbacks, disadvantages of technical managements in terms of technical and management aspects. The dissertation created the economic model to show the effects of contributing factors leading to the activities of technical management. Basing on those factors, suggest some solutions to improve the urban road transport construction management. - Third: Suggest 4 groups of solutions to improve the exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city. 2. The limitations and further research directions of the dissertation The limitations of the dissertation: the dissertation still has limitations that the research focused only on exploitation management of urban road transport infrastructure, not paying attention to the exploitation management of urban underground infrastructure. Since the exploitation management of urban underground infrastructure is an inevitable trend for cities in the world, when the space above and ground has been exploited to their capacities. The next research direction of the dissertation: On the basis of inheriting the research results of the thesis, the next research direction of the thesis topic is to continue to study in depth the exploitation management of urban underground infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh City. Because that is a very complex field, requiring the synchronization and consistency of the urban government of Ho Chi Minh City.
27. LISTS OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION 1. Le Hoai Linh (2014), “Efficiency improvement of management of exploitation of road traffic system in Ho Chi Minh city, Journal of Transport and Technology, (11), pages 82-86 2. Le Hoai Linh (2019), “Application of contract model on quality (PBC) in urban road maintenanace in Ho Chi Minh city, Journal of Transport and Technology, (31), pages 56-62. 3. Le Hoai Linh (2019), “Improvement in quality of public transport in Ho Chi Minh city by lump sum contract for cost- supported routes”, Journal of Transport and Technology, (6- 2019), pages 183-187. 4. Dang Hoang Tuan, Le Hoai Linh (2019), "Proposed investment promotion models for construction projects outside the state budget - applicable to investment projects in the BOT form", Journal of Transport and Technology, (7-2019), pages 186 - 189. 5. Vo Nhat Luan, Bui Truong Son, Le Hoai Linh, Nguyen Thi Nu (2019), "Impacts of climate change and sea level rise on the network of urban roads in Ho Chi Minh City", Journal of Transport and Technology, (8-2019), pp. 114 - 117. 6. Le Hoai Linh (2019), "Research and Proposal on Flood Control Management Model for Ho Chi Minh City", Journal of Transport and Technology, (11-2019), pp. 132 - 135.